Post-oil urbanism in the Gulf

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"Since the end of the 20th century the governments of various Gulf States have been attempting to diversify their oil-dependent economies. This has resulted in a new type of urbanism, often referred to as post-oil urbanism. The first model of post-oil urbanism was the Emirate of Dubai due to its pioneering efforts during the 90s when it initiated its economic transformation into a global service hub by introducing open market policies. This liberalisation included the local real-estate market, which opened up for regional and international investment. The big success of this new strategy, which has been mainly driven by speculation, has made Dubai a role model of exponential urban growth in the region. Hence, there has been widespread imitation of its development strategy by other GCC countries such as the Kingdom of Bahrain. In the case of Bahrain the liberalised real-estate market has led to the transformation of its built environment due to the construction of several mega-projects and hundreds of high-rises along its coasts. Subsequently, the population has grown from around just 660,000 inhabitants in 2001 to more than 1 million in 2008. In order to attract investment and sustain the speed of development, restrictions have become more and more relaxed, leading to a new form of urban governance in which private investors have become the main driving force. Thus, a growing number of developers have gained the right to design the individual master plans of their projects, leading to an urban development that is not guided by any overall plan but is instead the accumulation of individual case-by-case decisions ... "[abstract].